The pedogenic formation of coal balls by CO2 degassing through the rootlets of arborescent lycopsids. Coal balls are calcium carbonate accumulations that permineralized peat in paleotropical PermoCarboniferous (∼320250 Ma) mires. The formation of coal balls has been debated for over a century yet a..
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flatlying, irregular slab. Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead.
Coal ball, a lump of petrified plant matter, frequently spheroid, found in coal seams of the Upper Carboniferous Period. As a result of a variety of conditions, small pockets of plant debris in Carboniferous swamps, infiltrated by mineral salts, became petrified rather than changed into coal.
PDF | Pennsylvanian coal balls contain rich assemblages of plant debris and invertebrate traces, serving as our primary resource for understanding... | Find, read and cite all the research you ...
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flatlying, irregular slab. Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead.
Large areas of concentrated coal balls (permineralized peat) up to 4 m thick obstructed longwall mining in the Herrin Coal at the Old Ben No. 24 mine. The largest coal‐ball area mapped contained >1500 m 3; several areas contained >400 m 3 of coal balls. In‐mine mapping established that there were two types of roof (freshwater and marine ...
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Coal balls floras from the Taiyuan Formation in north China have been mainly studied by Tian Baolin and collaborators, from the no. 7 coal seam in the Xishan coal field and have been summarised by Li et al., 1995, Tian et al., 1996. From these works quantitative studies have been undertaken, compiled from hundreds of coal balls (Wang et al., 1995).
As a result, the coalball floras of the Westphalian AB from Europe document a short span of time (less than 5 millions years). These floras correspond to the maximum domi nance of lycopod trees with up to 96% of peat biomass (Phillips and Peppers, 1984). An interes ting exception is the new assemblage described from Spain where ...
The ratio of shoot debris to root debris within Urbandale coalball peats suggests that most of this deposit formed in a freshwater swamp. However, coalball peats with extremely low shootroot ratios (no shoots to ) also occur in the Urbandale deposit. These are dominated by cordaitalean roots and may have formed in saltwater swamps.
An axis of Lyginodendron showing continuity of preservation across two adjacent coal balls still set in their coal ball matrix along line BB (Stopes and Watson 1908, Plate 9, Photograph 11).
DOI: / Corpus ID: ; On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, Known as "Coal Balls" article{StopesOnTP, title={On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, Known as "Coal Balls"}, author={Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes and David Meredith Seares Watson}, journal={Philosophical ...
[Plate 1] Coal balls (exceptionally preserved calcareous permineralized peat), widely described from tropical Carboniferous Euramerian coal seams, have yielded diverse data on the biology, ontogeny and ecology of swamp plants and ecosystems. Probably over 75 %/ of the swamp taxa may have been preserved, in contrast to probably less then 10 %
1. Introduction. Over 100 years have passed since Stopes and Watson (1909) proposed a marine origin for coal balls, which are carbonate concretions that formed in peat and contain anatomically preserved plant material. Most coal balls occur in paleotropical coals of Pennsylvanian and early Permian age. Although calcium carbonate is the primary mineral, coal balls usually contain pyrite ...
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flatlying, irregular slab. Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead. As such, despite not actually being made of coal, the coal ...
![Fossil Focus: Coal swamps PALAEONTOLOGY[online]](/sf6q94p/37.jpg)
Coal balls often form in acidic peats, or when seawater permeates the compressed plant matter. The carbonate forms a hardened ball that resists compression throughout burial, thereby preserving the plant remains in exceptional detail; even cellular details can be retained. Such structures can be studied using a range of techniques.
COAL BALLS. Coal balls can be considered concretions, as they are rounded masses of a mineral different from the surrounding rock and deposited before consolidation of the host rock, which is coal. The compost of Coal Age forests settled in the swamps, and calcium carbonate infiltrated masses of matted vegetation, forming the coal balls.
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flatlying, irregular slab. Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead.
Coal balls are permineralized peat, mainly found in Upper of Europe and North America but also in some Chinese Permian coals. Coal balls are predominantly calcium carbonate which has precipitated in the cell lumina and spaces between the plants within a peat formed in a mire ( Scott and Rex, 1985 ). Formation
Coal Balls. Millions of years ago, in the interval of geologic time called the Pennsylvanian, the presentday coal seams of the Midwest were layers of peatbeds of water soaked and somewhat rotted plant debris accumulated in thickly forested swamps. Deep burial by layers of sediments during a vast span of time changed almost all the peat into ...
Coal balls are calcium carbonate accumulations that permineralized peat in paleotropical PermoCarboniferous (∼320250 Ma) mires. The formation of coal balls has been debated for over a century yet a widely applicable model is lacking. Two observations have been particularly challenging to explain: 1) the narrow temporal occurrence of coal balls and 2) their typical elemental (high Mg) and ...
Identification and Description[iv] Daldinia concentrica is a relatively easy to identify mushroom that resembles hard, roundish lumps of coal stuck to the surface of decaying deadwood. Furthermore, unlike most other mushrooms, D. concentrica does not possess a cap, gills, pores, or even a stem. Instead, this species has a fruitbody composed of ...
The department of paleobotany, micropaleontology and mineralogy oversees the: 1) Collection of Micropaleontology and Paleobotany, containing over 45,000 macrofossils most identifiable to genus or species and over 50,000 palynological slides and residues; 2) Coal Ball Collection, containing over 18,500 coal ball peels (free and mounted on microscope slides) and over 5,000 kg of cut and
Coal balls. Definition and formation: Coal balls are calcareous masses of fossil peat found in coal beds. They are formed in the original peat before it undergoes coalification (DeMaris and others, 1983; Scott and others, 1996). Individual coal balls can be inches to many feet in diameter, and coalball clusters may occupy a small part ...
Coal balls represent early, peatstage mineralization somewhat analogous to concretions in shale (, Phillips et al., 1976). Although a nuisance for mining, coal balls from these two seams can preserve peatforming plant structures to the cellular level and have been very important in reconstructing Desmoinesian plant biology and ecology ...
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Thin coal rims or streaks on the outside of some fossils represent all that is left of the original plant tissue. Permineralized Calamites which include original plant details are preserved in rare deposits called coal balls, but these are usually only found in active coal mines, so are not found by collectors.
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