The environmental footprint of coal liquefaction processes can usually be reduced by coprocessing coal and biomass and applying CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technology but at the cost of higher ...
The term ''coaltoliquids'' (CTL) refers to conversion of solid coal into liquid fuels and chemicals through either of two principle,11 Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) involves ...
The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
The separate characterization of biomass, coal, and their respective chars aimed at identifying the effect of sodium during different stages of combustion. ... Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a main pathway for converting lowrank coals into energy via thermochemical transformation [713], and DCL technology refers to conversion of solid ...
Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated, increasing the hydrogentocarbon ratio and preventing retrogressive reactions. Solvents solubilize smaller molecular weight components and promote hydrogenation; catalyst improves hydrogenation ...
1Solidhydrocarbonfuelprocessingandtechnology103 4 Directliquefaction (DCL)processes andtechnology forcoalandbiomass conversion105 C. BurgessCliffordandC.
The liquefaction process of coal and biomass materials, which is known as "Coliquefaction", has not been developed in Malaysia. The yields and quality (especially H/C ratio) of the liquid products obtained from coal under less severe liquefaction conditions (at lower temperature and pressure) can be improved with coliquefaction of coal ...
Introduction. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL), invented by Friedrich Bergius in 1913 [1], encompasses the catalytic conversion of coal by hydrogen and high temperatures in presence of a solvent and was used to produce transportation fuels on a commercial scale in the first half of the past century especially in Germany and Great Britain [2], [3], [4].
The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
In this process, coal with moderate amount of biomass is converted into syncrude through reaction with Hdonor solvent and gaseous hydrogen in a catalytic twostage liquefaction unit.
Pyrolysis is one of the prospective processes that can be utilized to obtain high value chemicals and energy from coal and biomass. Coalbiomass copyrolysis presents a green, lowrisk, cheap ...
Characterization of Oxygenated Species in Coal Liquefaction Products: An Overview. ... Z. R. Ismagilov. The relationship between the molecular composition of coal and the conversion of its organic matter during thermal dissolution. Carbon Letters 2022, 32 (4 ... (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion. 2011 ...
The Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC), in partnership with the Department of Energy (DOE) and Accelergy Corporation, an advanced fuels developer with technologies exclusively licensed from ExxonMobil, undertook Subtask to design, build, and preliminarily operate a benchscale direct coal liquefaction (DCL) system capable of converting 45 pounds/hour of pulverized, dried ...
The decomposition process in coal liquefaction is consisting of pyrolysis, solvent extraction and liquefaction processes directly or indirectly [2] [3][4]. The pyrolysis reaction is a complex ...
To meet future demand in motor fuels, coal will play a key role in areas with large coal resources and lacking crude oils. Axens' direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process is available to produce ...
Generally, Fig. 1 shows the distinct difference between the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Importantly, DCL consists of many steps for the conversion of coal to PA (preasphaltenes) and AS (asphaltenes), and subsequently to gas, oil, and residue [60]. Download : Download highres image (180KB) Download : Download fullsize image ...
The main examples of indirect liquefaction methods for converting biomass to liquid fuel employ synthesis gas as their feedstock. The majority of these processes were originally developed for the conversion of coal and natural gas to liquid products. Technically, however, they should work equally well using synthesis gas produced from oxygen gasification.
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a promising technology to convert coal into oil, especially for countries where coals dominate fossil energy resources [1]. ... Coal utilization processes and their application to waste recycling and biomass conversion. Fuel (1994) Wang et al. ... were prepared by a solidstate insitu impregnation and ...
Coal to liquid technology includes direct coal liquefaction (DCL), indirect coal liquefaction (ICL), coal to methanol to gasoline (CTMTG), and coal tar hydrogenation (CTH) (Xie, 2021; Zhang et al ...
The direct coal liquidation is a technology for the clean conversion of coal into light fuel oil and high valueadded chemical products. ... (CoaltoLiquid) [30, 35] and biomass (Biomassto ...
Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and...
ICL includes two steps; in the first step, coal is converted into syngas ( Coal+H2OCO+H2), and during the last step, syngas is synthesized in the presence of a catalyst into liquid fuels.
The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
The environmental footprint of coal liquefaction processes can usually be reduced by coprocessing coal and biomass and applying CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technology but at the cost of higher ...
Direct liquefaction (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion
Fingerprint Abstract This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated, increasing the hydrogentocarbon ratio and preventing retrogressive reactions.
The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
The DCL process involves adding hydrogen (hydrogenation) to the coal, breaking down its organic structure into soluble products. The reaction is carried out at elevated temperature and pressure (, 750 to 850°F and 1,000 to 2,500 psia) in the presence of a solvent. The solvent is used to facilitate coal extraction and the addition of hydrogen.
For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57%wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].DCL process concepts have been based on a variety of ...
Coal can also be liquefied directly into liquid fuels through direct coal liquefaction (DCL) processes at around 450500 °C under 1530 MPa H 2 in a suitable solvent with appropriate catalysts [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ].
catalyst in the DCL of Shenhua coal at 400 °C. and MPa H. 2. resulted in a coal conversion and (gas + oil) yield, up to % and %, respectively, much higher than those obtained with FeS ...
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) commonly refers to catalytic hydrogenation of coal in a recycled oil solvent at high pressures with a catalyst. While a range of process configurations have been proposed, the most common version involves at least two high pressure slurry reactors in a series using a dispersed ironbased catalyst and hydrogen ...
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