Indirect liquefaction processes require first gasifying the solid feedstocks into a syngas. Therefore, while direct coal liquefaction (DCL) takes coal directly into a liquid phase, indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) consists of two major steps: (a) gasification to produce a synthesis gas (syngas); and (b) conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2) in the syngas to a range of ...
The coaltoliquids (CTL) technique is a chemical process by which solid coal is converted into ... Emissions of pollutants from raw material processing in the CTL process. In the conversion of coal to liquid hydrocarbon, many kinds of raw materials are consumed, including coal, freshwater, chemical reagents and industrial chemicals, and ...
The Synfuels CTL refinery in Secunda uses an alkene oligomerization process based on solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalysis to convert most of the light alkene HTFT product into liquid fuels . ... Certainly coal conversion to hydrocarbon liquids and electricity is now economically attractive from a cash cost viewpoint. However, large ...
Conversion of coal to liquid products Download PDF Info ... Prior art keywords coal hydrogen gas oil zone coking Prior art date Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Mar 15 2013. The FischerTropsch (FT) process, originally developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in early 1920s, is a series of chemical reactions that involve the conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide into liquid hydrocarbons by using a catalyst. This process is a key component of gas to liquid technology.
However, coal and petroleum fuels produce detrimental gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), NO x which results in ... The advanced process to convert solid biomass into gas such as H 2 is the steam gasification ... Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels. Energy Environ Sci 4:8399. Google ...
the process behind the concept of "clean coal," and is designed to remove carbon dioxide from the emissions produced by burning coal and turn coal into liquid gas fuel (ELS Coal liquefaction Conversion of solid coal to a liquid hydrocarbon fuel such as synthetic gasoline or methanol.
The biomass to liquids (BTL) route refers, similar to coal to liquids (CTL) or gas to liquids (GTL) technologies, to biomass conversion into liquid hydrocarbon fuels by the integration of two different processes: biomass gasification to syngas (H 2 /CO) and subsequent FischerTropsch synthesis (FTS) to hydrocarbon fuels.
Coal liquefaction is the process of making a liquid fuel from coal. The fundamental difference between coal, a solid, and liquid fuels is that the liquid fuels have a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio. Liquid fuels have lower ash contents and are easier to upgrade (, to remove unwanted impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur).
A singlestage process attempts to convert coal to liquids in a single reaction stage. Such process may include an integrated online hydrotreating reactor to upgrade the distillates, as shown in Figure 1. Technology developers included: HCoal (HRI, USA) Exxon donor solvent (Exxon, USA) SRC1 and II (Gulf Oil, USA) Conoco zinc chloride (Conoco ...
a gasification plant for converting solid or liquid hydrocarbon fuels into synthesis gas (syngas) 3. a syngas gas cleanup system and. 4. ... of mineral matter suitability are supported by laboratory and technical scale measurements of specific aspects of the coal conversion process.
direct and indirect. As the names imply, direct processes directly convert coalbased hydrocarbons into liquid fuels, while indirect processes use an intermediate process (gasification) to convert the coal into a gaseous fuel (syngas) before further refining the syngas into liquid fuels. Exhibit 21 gives a general overview of the processes ...
obtained from gasification of coal to hydrocarbon liquids. Because the coal is first gasified before conversion to liquid fuels, the FischerTropsch (FT) process for CTL is known as a type of indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). ICL is a completely different approach from DCL for providing liquid fuels from coal. ICL processes first convert ...
Coal gasificationbased FischerTropsch (FT) synthesis processes, often termed " coaltoliquids " (CTL) plants, are complex integrated energy systems which typically exploit the waste heat from gas turbines and/or a number of process units in a Heat Recovery Steam Cycle (HRSC). Besides converting waste heat into electricity, the HRSC can also supply heat to endothermic processes in the ...
The primary process for FT is the Synthol Process; the schematic is shown in Figure The synthesis gas goes into the reactor at MPa of pressure and 315330°C. The product leaves the reactor where the catalyst is recovered, oils are removed by a hydrocarbon scrubber, and the tail gas recovered.
Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen.
For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57% wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].In slurry hydrogenation processes, catalyst lifetime is ...
We claim: 1. A continuous two reactor stage coal conversion process for catalytic hydrogenation of coal particles and subsequent liquefaction thereof for producing coalderived hydrocarbon liquid and gas products, said process comprising: (a) mixing solid coal particles having particle size ranging from about 20 mesh to about 400 mesh ( Sieve Series) with hydrocarbon liquid solvent in a ...
Gaseous hydrogen is produced industrially from hydrocarbons by the process known as ... The food industry hydrogenates vegetable oils to convert them into solid or semisolid fats that can be ... of nitrogen. In the FischerTropsch process, reported in 1922 carbon monoxide, which is easily derived from coal, is hydrogenated to liquid ...
FischerTropsch (FT) synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process that converts biomassderived syngas (mixture of CO and H 2) to synthetic liquid fuels and valuable chemicals. FT synthesis has received renewed interest in recent years due to the necessity to decrease global dependency on fossil fuels. FT synthesis is a promising technology ...
The influence of high ash content in the feed coal may partially be reduced by selecting an appropriate coal conversion process, its configuration and solidliquid separation to be used in the process (2). However, the most radical approach is to reduce ash content in the coal prior to feeding it into the conversion plant using coal ...
Alternative liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be obtained from various feedstocks, ranging from solids to gases. CoaltoLiquids (CTL) is a technology based on the liquefaction of coal using three basic approaches; pyrolysis, direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) [6]. GastoLiquids (GTL) and Biomassto
The key to the catalytic process is the construction of a highly efficient tandem catalyst PtMo2C/C + Ru/C, which can directly convert CO and H2O in aqueous phase to liquid hydrocarbons with a ...
Solid hydrocarbons Cleanly converting coal, petroleum coke and biomass into highvalue products and power. Air Products' gasification process converts coal, petcoke and biomass into highvalue products. Demand for coal is increasing because of the world's growing appetite for energy. However, depletion of the highestquality deposits and ...
The required water consumption is in the region of 1m 3 (1 ton) per each barrel of fuel production [77] and the coal (bituminous) consumption is between to ton per barrel, according to ...
R. M. Baldwin. R. L. Bain. Colorado School of Mines is conducting coal hydrogenation research with the following objectives and scope of work: (1) Comparison of the rates of coal hydrogenation in ...
Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen. Liquefaction ...
An example is the conversion of methane to chloroform using a chlorination reaction. Note that halogenating a hydrocarbon produces something that is not a hydrocarbon. It is a very common and useful process. Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers.
The method used to convert LRC into liquid fuel is direct coal liquefaction (DCL), which generally requires maximum temperature, pressure, and use of catalysts and solvents [5]. Coal can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons through indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) through gasification to syngas and the FischerTropsch (FT) process [6], [7], [8].
The utilization of hydrocarbon solid fuels in China mainly depends on thermal conversion, the most representative of which is thermal power generation. In addition, thermal conversion utilization also includes pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction produces chemical products and liquid fuels.
4 Liquefaction. Coal liquefaction is the process of making a liquid fuel from coal. The fundamental difference between coal, a solid, and liquid fuels is that the liquid fuels have a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio. Liquid fuels have lower ash contents and are easier to upgrade (, to remove unwanted impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur).
Although there are a number of different demonstrated process routes for production of liquid fuels from solid feedstocks like coal ( direct coal liquefaction), the most important methods have based on production of syngas from gasification of coal, which is converted to liquid hydrocarbons or alcohol for use as fuel or fuel refining feedstock.
It can convert biomass into fuel gas, liquid oil, and solid coal efficiently in the absence of oxygen [86,87], which occurs at relatively low temperatures (between 350 and 700 °C). This process involves the heating and drying of a biomass particle, as well as the release of volatiles.
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